February 08, 2022
11. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR
A verb must agree with its subject in number and
person i.e., the verb should be of the same number and person as
that of the subject.
1.
Two or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb. Eg: Mohan and
Sohan have passed.
2.
But some times two
subjects are regarded as presenting one
idea and than the verb is singular as
Eg: Bread
and butter is
a wholesome food.
Slow and
steady wins the race.
3.
If two singular nouns refer to the
same person or thing, the verb must be singular;
as
Eg: The orator and
states man has arrived (here orator and statesman
refer to the same person).
4.
If the article is mentioned twice then two distinct
persons are intended and the verb following must be in plural number; as.
Eg: The poet and the philosopher are dead.
5.
If two singular nouns joined by and preceded
by each and
every, the verb is singular; as
Eg: Each
day and every hour brings us a fresh anxiety.
6.
Two or more subjects connected by or, nor, either….or,
neither….nor take singular verb; as
Eg: Neither Rama nor his brother was
present.
Either Mohan or Sohan is in the wrong. Any boy or girl sees it at
once.
7.
When one of the nouns or pronouns joined
by or, nor is the singular and the other
in plural, the verb should be
plural and the plural subject
be placed near the verb;
as
Eg: John or his brot hers are to blame.
Neither Afzal
nor his friends were present
8.
If two subjects joined by
or, nor are different persons, the verb
agrees in person with the subject
nearer to it; as
Eg: Either you or he is telling
a lie.
9.
If two nouns are joined with or as well as, the verb,
the verb agrees
with the first noun, i.e., if the first noun is singular the verb
must be singular,
even if the
second noun is plural; as
Eg: Rama as well as his friend has won the prize.
Iron as well as gold is
found in India. The king with his ministers
was killed.
The manager as well as the workers is responsible for
the accident.
10.
Collective noun
is a word that refers to a group of collections of
persons or things.
Collective noun takes a singular or plural verb according to the sense. If
the idea collection are thought of, the verb must be plural.
Eg: The Jury = men of jury were divided in their opinions. The jury
(= one body) has elected its president.
11.
Indefinite pronouns: Pronouns,
which do not refer to a particular person or thing, take a singular verb. Some
of the commonly used pronouns are:
either, neither, everyone, many must be followed by a verb in
singular; as Eg: Either of the two applicants is suitable.
Neither of the
applicants is suitable. Each one of these men is reliable.
Every one of
the boat’s crew was drowned. Many a flower
is born to blush unseen.
12.
Errors due to proximity should be
avoided. Often verb is made to agree in number with a noun near instead of the proper subject. This should be avoided.
Eg: The behavior of the children was excellent.
Not one of his lectures
has ever been printed. The cost of all these items has been raised.
13.
When the plural noun denotes
some specific quantity
or amount considered as a whole, the
verb is generally singular.
Eg: A thousand rupees
is a good sum Two thirds of the city
is in ruins.
14.
It is the same with names of books and names of sciences.
Eg: Arabian Nights is
an interesting book.
Mathematics is
his favorite subject.
15.
Relative pronouns;
a relative pronoun always agrees
in number and person
with its antecedent; as
Eg: I am a woman who
seeks my children’s welfare. He is one of those
men who know every thing.
16.
Words that indicate part or portion:
most often such words that indicate part
or portion occur as part of a phrase, which
acts as the
subject. The complete subject determines
the number of the verb in
such cases.
Eg: Half of the job was completed within two days.
Half of the jobs were completed within two days. Two
thirds of the employees are in favour of this proposal. Two thirds of the pole
is rotten.
All the money is spent.
All the students have gone.
18.
Words that
indicate
numbers: When number
is preceded by ‘the’,
it takes as singular Verb and
by ‘a’. a plural verb. This
is because ‘the’ number
is generally considered to refer to a unit and ‘a’ number to individual
terms of a unit.
Eg: The num ber of people who reported for the work this
morning is small.
The number of crimes in Delhi is increasing.
A number of meetings were held to discuss the issue. A
number of books are missing from the library.
19.
Words that indicate amount and
people. These words generally take a
singular verb
Eg: Ten thousand rupees is a lot of money.
Three miles a day is a good walk.
But when such word is used to convey
a general impression,
it takes a plural verb.
20.
Introductory
‘there’ and ‘it’ : In sentences beginning wit h ‘there’, the
true subject which generally follows the verb,
determines the number of verb. Eg: There are various methods
of collecting data.
There is no need for typing this report.
‘It’ always takes a singular verb, irrespective of whether the
subject, which usually follows the verb, is singular or plural.
Eg: It is the people who matter in a democracy.It is the same draft
whichyou showed me yesterday, isn’t it?
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